????在理想狀態(tài)下，性別不應(yīng)該影響人們?yōu)橹邮芘嘤?xùn)之后而得到的工作，或者影響人們的報酬。但我們現(xiàn)在還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有達(dá)到這樣的理想狀態(tài)。與此同時，在過去幾十年間的美國，個別職業(yè)從男性占多數(shù)變成了女性占統(tǒng)治地位。以下是美國勞工統(tǒng)計局（Bureau of Labor Statistics）公布的五種由女性統(tǒng)治的職業(yè)。

藥劑師

????美國第一所藥劑學(xué)院——費(fèi)城藥劑學(xué)院（The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy）成立于1821年。直到1883年，才有第一位女性從這所學(xué)院畢業(yè)并獲得學(xué)位，她就是蘇珊?海赫斯特。后來，她成為費(fèi)城女子醫(yī)院（Women's Hospital of Philadelphia）藥學(xué)部的負(fù)責(zé)人。她之后的每個班級，都有至少一名女性成功畢業(yè)。

????藥劑學(xué)學(xué)生一直以男性居多。據(jù)美國勞工統(tǒng)計局統(tǒng)計，1983年，女性藥劑師的比例僅占27%。但在過去三十年，這個行業(yè)的性別比例卻發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。據(jù)美國藥劑學(xué)院協(xié)會（American Association of colleges of Pharmacy）公布的數(shù)字，至2011年秋，報名攻讀藥劑師專業(yè)學(xué)位的學(xué)生中，60%為女性。2012年，女性占美國執(zhí)業(yè)藥劑師的比例已經(jīng)高達(dá)54%。

會計師

????1896年，紐約舉辦了第一次注冊會計師正式資格考試。三年后，出生于加拿大新斯科舍省的克里斯汀?羅斯成為美國第一位女性注冊會計師。然而，羅斯獲得認(rèn)證之后的許多年里，其他女性想要進(jìn)入這個領(lǐng)域仍然面臨重重困難。

????據(jù)美國勞工統(tǒng)計局統(tǒng)計，從1983年起，女性開始在會計師這個行業(yè)中占據(jù)了一席之地，人數(shù)占到美國會計師總數(shù)的39%。截至2012年，60%的會計師為女性。當(dāng)然，這并不意味著女性面臨的障礙已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在——據(jù)非營利研究機(jī)構(gòu)Catalyst在2012年公布的報告顯示，2011年，會計師事務(wù)所的合伙人中僅有21%為女性。

醫(yī)師助理

????杜克大學(xué)（Duke University）的尤金在1965年啟動了第一個醫(yī)師助理項目。項目主要為了解決兩個問題：一方面，美國的初級保健醫(yī)生人才短缺；另一方面，接受過醫(yī)療培訓(xùn)的士兵在退役之后卻沒有明確的途徑能把他們掌握的技能應(yīng)用于平民生活。1975年，一家名為美國醫(yī)師助理認(rèn)證委員會（National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants）的獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)成立，對這個職業(yè)的認(rèn)證進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。

????上世紀(jì)60年代和70年代，大多數(shù)醫(yī)師助理都是男性，但性別比例一直在不斷變化。1983年，美國勞工統(tǒng)計局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國約35%的醫(yī)師助理為女性。目前，女性醫(yī)師助理的比例約為70%。出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因很大程度上可能是因為，女性成為醫(yī)師助理比成為醫(yī)生在經(jīng)濟(jì)上更加合算。2012年，耶魯大學(xué)（Yale）一項研究顯示，考慮到教育成本，以及男性與女性醫(yī)師之間的工資差距，女性醫(yī)師助理的收入可能要高于女性醫(yī)生。

????Ideally, gender wouldn't affect the jobs people train for and get, or how they are compensated. But we're certainly not there yet. At the same time, certain American jobs have shifted from majority male to majority female over the past few decades. Here are five professions that, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, women rule.

Pharmacists

????The first North American pharmacy school, The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, was founded in 1821. The first woman didn't graduate from the school until 1883, when Susan Hayhurst received her degree. Later on, she led the pharmaceutical department of the Women's Hospital of Philadelphia. Every class following Hayhurst graduated at least one woman.

????The pharmacy student population skewed male for quite some time. As recently as 1983, only 27% of pharmacists were women, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. But over the past 30 years or so, the gender breakdown has shifted. As of fall 2011, 60% of students enrolled in pharmacy professional degree programs were women, according to the American Association of colleges of Pharmacy. In 2012, women made up 54% of practicing pharmacists nationwide.

Accountants

????In 1896, New York issued the first official qualification test for certified public accountants. Three years later, Christine Ross, who was born in Nova Scotia, became the first certified female accountant in the United States. For years after Ross gained her certificate, it was tough for women to enter the field.

????As of 1983, women began to gain ground in the profession, making up 39% of accountants in the U.S. workforce, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. By 2012, 60% of accountants were women. That's not to say that all hurdles have been removed -- as of 2011, only 21% of partners at accounting firms were women, according to a 2012 report from Catalyst.

Physician assistants

????Duke University's Eugene Stead launched the first physician assistant's program in 1965 to address two problems. On the one hand, there was a shortage of primary care physicians across the country. On the other, men were leaving the military with medical training and no clear way to apply it to civilian life. In 1975, an independent organization called the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants was founded to oversee certification for the profession.

????In the '60s and '70s, most PA's were men, but the ratio has shifted. In 1983, the Bureau of Labor Statistics data says that about 35% of physician assistants in the country were women. Today, roughly 70% of PA's are women. Part of that might have to do with the fact that it is more lucrative, on average, for women to become PA's than doctors. A 2012 Yale study suggested that female PA's might end up earning more than women doctors, given the cost of education and the wage gap between male and female physicians.