????“找工作最讓人受不了的是杳無音信，”波士頓招聘軟件公司Bullhorn的首席執(zhí)行官阿特?帕帕斯（Art Papas)說。“這樣的過程都能讓人急瘋了，申請一個職位，然后音信全無，不知道有沒有被列入面試名單。如果沒有，又是什么原因？”

????為了了解潛在雇主在翻看簡歷時的想法，Bullhorn的研究人員調查了約1,500名招聘人員和經(jīng)理，希望找出到底是哪些因素導致他們將簡歷扔在一邊。排在前五的幾大因素如下：

????1.頻繁跳槽。約40%的受訪者表示，頻繁跳槽（包括入職一年內離職）會使求職者喪失資格。這對于跨世紀一代相當不利，這代人可是出了名地愛換工作，平均每兩年就換一次工作。

????2.技能過時。約1/3（31%）的受訪者表示，求職者“掌握的技能已過時”也會讓雇主掉頭就走。約28%的受訪者列出的是“不了解當代辦公科技”。

????3.遭到解雇。大多數(shù)招聘人員和經(jīng)理們都認為“解雇”經(jīng)歷會“嚴重損害”申請者的求職成功概率，這一點并不令人意外。但接下來的幾項有些令人不安：患有慢性病或殘疾，緊隨其后的是延長產(chǎn)假或陪產(chǎn)假，研究稱后者“對職業(yè)前景的損害超過了離職進修，甚至是被解雇。”

????4.年齡。約70%的受訪者表示，對30多歲求職者的需求高于其他年齡段。但有意思的是，更長的工作經(jīng)驗確實重要：獵頭和招聘經(jīng)理們認為，“對40多歲求職者的需求高于20多歲者。”

????5.失業(yè)。約36%的受訪者表示，有6-12個月職業(yè)空窗期的求職者很難找到工作。28%表示，只要出現(xiàn)過職業(yè)空窗期的求職者都難以找到工作。

????但真正的麻煩出現(xiàn)在兩年。“招聘人員承認，有刑事犯罪記錄（非重罪）的人找一份新工作，還要比失業(yè)兩年者容易些，”研究人員寫道。這條消息令人沮喪，特別是當今長期失業(yè)的美國人數(shù)量已經(jīng)超過了大蕭條以來的任何時期。

????不過，阿特?帕帕斯堅稱，要克服長期失業(yè)頑癥還是有可能的。“我們請招聘人員給我們介紹了一些失業(yè)兩年或更長時間后確實找到工作的人，詢問他們是如何找到工作的，”他說。“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，問題并不在于你失業(yè)了多久，而是你離開這個領域多久了。”

????區(qū)別在哪里？“只要在求職過程中繼續(xù)發(fā)展技能，在領域內保持活躍，都會有幫助，”帕帕斯解釋說。他詢問的一位女性（在失業(yè)期間）“參加了網(wǎng)絡課程，獲得了新的證書，做了幾份無薪實習生工作，參加了行業(yè)團體會議和其他社交活動，因此在面試中她有一些新東西可以談，”他說。“如果你與行業(yè)保持同步，持續(xù)參與，在簡歷中更新并反映這一點，等于告訴雇主你的積極態(tài)度和主觀能動性。”

????帕帕斯補充說，失業(yè)者往往感到尷尬，因此不聯(lián)絡朋友、親戚或前同事尋找可能的求職機會。“失業(yè)沒什么難為情的，現(xiàn)在有2,300萬人都是這樣，”他說。“人脈和推薦是獲得下一份工作的途徑。人們愿意提供幫助。通常最難的是（給你認識的人）打第一個電話。一旦行動起來，事情就好辦多了。”

????"One of the most frustrating elements of a job search is the silence," notes Art Papas, CEO of Boston-based recruiting software maker Bullhorn. "It can be maddening to apply for a position and then hear nothing about whether you're even being considered for an interview -- and, if not, why not."

????In an effort to shed some light on what prospective employers are thinking when they read your resume, researchers at the company asked about 1,500 recruiters and hiring managers to reveal what makes them turn thumbs down. The top five answers:

????1. Job hopping. About 40% of those surveyed said a history of frequent job changes, including leaving any previous employer within a year of getting hired, is likely to disqualify an applicant. That's a big hurdle for Millennials, who are notorious for changing jobs, on average, every two years.

????2. Outdated skills. Having "skills that are no longer in demand" puts employers off, according to about one in three (31%) of those surveyed, while 28% cited being "out of touch with modern workplace technology."

????3. Getting fired. Most recruiters and hiring managers ranked having been sacked as "severely damaging" to candidates' chances of landing a new job, which isn't too surprising. But what came next on the list is more disconcerting: A chronic illness or disability, followed closely by having taken an extended maternity or paternity leave, which the study says "was deemed more harmful to career prospects than leaving the workforce to get an advanced degree or even being laid off."

????4. Age. About 70% of poll respondents say candidates in their 30s are in bigger demand than any other age group. Interestingly, though, longer experience does count for something: Headhunters and hiring managers see "greater demand for candidates in their 40s than for those in their 20s."

????5. Unemployment. A candidate who's been out of work for six months to a year is hard to place, according to 36% of those surveyed, and 28% said the same of someone with any gaps in his or her employment history.

????But the real trouble starts at two years. "Recruiters admit it's easier for them to place someone with a (non-felony) criminal record in a new job than to place someone who has been unemployed for two years," the researchers note. That's discouraging news, when you consider that the number of long-term unemployed Americans is now larger than at any time since the Great Depression.

????Nonetheless, Art Papas insists that it's possible to overcome the stigma of a long spell of joblessness. "We've spoken with recruiters who referred us to people who did find new jobs after two years or more of unemployment, and we've asked them how they did it," he says. "What we discovered was that it's not so much a matter of how long you've been unemployed, as a question of how long you've been out of the game."

????What's the difference? "It helps to keep developing your skills and staying active in your field while you're job hunting," Papas explains. One woman he spoke with "took online courses, earned new certifications, did a couple of unpaid internships, and attended trade group conferences and other networking events, so she had something recent to talk about in job interviews," he says. "If you stay current and involved, and keep your resume up-to-date to reflect that, it's shows employers you're motivated and a self-starter."

????Papas adds that people who are out of work are often embarrassed about it, so they don't reach out to friends, relatives, and former colleagues to find out about possible job leads. "There's nothing shameful about unemployment, when 23 million other people are in the same boat," he says. "And networking and referrals are how you'll get that next job. People want to help. Often it's making that first call [to someone in your network] that's the hardest. Once you get some momentum going, it gets easier."