“最后一個男人。”華爾街最近給美國五大軍火商之一雷神公司的董事長兼首席執行官湯姆·肯尼迪起了這個綽號。畢竟，在五家美國軍火巨無霸的領導者中，他已是唯一一位沒有入選《財富》最具影響力的商界女性排行榜的高管。對此肯尼迪表示：“我為本行業感到無比自豪。”

今年7月，另一軍火巨頭諾斯洛普格拉曼公司宣布，首席執行官韋斯·布什將在今年年末卸任，現任首席運營官的凱西·沃登將接任，成為這家公司歷史史上的首位女性首席執行官。和其他三位女性——洛克希德·馬丁的首席執行官瑪麗蓮·休森、通用動力的首席執行官菲比·諾瓦科維奇、波音公司旗下的防務、航天與安全業務的總裁兼首席執行官利安妮·卡雷特一樣，沃登也將由此躋身美國國防承包商的精英俱樂部。去年，這四位女性高管領導的公司合計斬獲高達1100億美元的國防相關收入。

沃登的擢升在企業界引起了轟動。國防與航天領域曾經是男性高管的天下，而在管理層多元化的宣傳攻勢下，短短幾年工夫，女性就勢如破竹，突破了職場天花板，無論是晉升速度之快還是職位之高，該行業女性高管的表現都遠超大多數《財富》美國500強公司里的同行。最近剛同意被競爭對手SAIC收購的軍用信息技術和網絡安全公司Engility也有一位女性首席執行官——林恩·杜格勒。她認為：“沒有必要強調男性和女性，實際上是有能者居之。”

據美國民調與智庫機構皮尤研究中心統計，在標普1500成分股公司中，女性首席執行官僅占5%，而國防與航天行業的女性首席執行官卻在該行業頂層高管中占將近19%。若論起同政府和軍方的合作關系，沒有哪個領域的企業比國防的更密切，這可能是該行業更接近實現性別平等的一個原因。企業高管獵頭公司Heidrick & Struggles的航天、國防與航空領域負責人帕特里克·格雷指出，美國軍方在刻意擴大女性的影響力，從上世紀90年代開始，美國陸海空三軍出現了一批女將軍，“國防業已經認識到，應該跟隨客戶的變化趨勢。”麥肯錫高級合伙人拉雷娜·伊認為：“越來越多女性躋身公司最高層，甚至首席執行官，這并非偶然。”

“THE LAST MAN STANDING.” That’s what some on Wall Street have recently nicknamed Tom Kennedy, the chairman and CEO of Raytheon. After all, he’s the only leader of a top five U.S. defense business who isn’t on Fortune’s Most Powerful Women list—and for that fact, says Kennedy, “I couldn’t be prouder of our industry.”

This July, Northrop Grumman announced that CEO Wes Bush would step down at the end of the year and be replaced by the first woman to hold that office, current COO Kathy Warden. She will join an elite club of defense contractor CEOs that includes Lockheed Martin’s Marillyn Hewson, General Dynamics’ Phebe Novakovic, and Leanne Caret, who heads Boeing’s defense, space, and security division. Together, their companies generated a staggering $110 billion in defense-related revenue last year.

Warden’s promotion made waves across the corporate world, where diversity advocates marveled at the way the once male-dominated defense and aerospace industry had, in a few short years, blown up its own glass ceiling, elevating women higher and faster than most of the Fortune 500. “It isn’t a male-female thing, necessarily, but really just acknowledging that talent won,” says Lynn Dugle, CEO of military IT and cybersecurity firm Engility, which recently agreed to be acquired by rival contractor SAIC.

In the S&P 1500, women account for nearly 19% of the CEOs in aerospace and defense, accord-ing to the Pew Research Center, compared with just 5% across all companies. No sector works more closely with the government and military than defense, which may be one reason it’s closer to gender equality. With the armed forces making deliberate efforts to expand women’s roles and the emergence of a generation of female generals as well as Air Force and Navy secretaries beginning in the ’90s, “the defense industry has realized they need to mirror their customers,” says Patrick Gray, the aerospace, defense, and aviation practice leader at executive search firm Heidrick & Struggles. A decade ago, the companies redoubled their efforts. “It’s not an accident … that they’ve become C-suite or a CEO,” says Lareina Yee, a senior partner at McKinsey.

對于國防業的領導層轉變，體會最深的莫過于琳達·赫德森。2009年，她就任BAE系統公司的首席執行官，成為業內首名任這一職位的女性。她的職業生涯始于1972年，當時周圍都是男同事。赫德森回憶道：“我需要他們忘記我是女人。”她說等到職業后期，“身為女性某種程度上成了一種優勢，女性已經可以沖破重重困境。”

在戰場上，美國穩操勝券，國防行業的女性也打算保持佳績。盡管要爭搶政府的國防預算蛋糕，但高管們都表示各家公司肩負著同樣的保家衛國責任。正如卡雷特所說：“目標就是確保戰爭不公平，優勢要在我們這邊。”

然而，現在要保持美國的軍事實力和技術水平都處于領先地位絕非易事。美國與中俄兩個超級大國的關系愈發緊張，中俄的技術水平提高速度越來越讓美國擔心。在國際上，被美國稱為流氓國家的朝鮮和伊朗已擁有核武器，一些極端主義集團的信徒還在繼續暴行。即使在地球大氣層之外，也有不容小覷的實體和網絡攻擊威脅。另外，某些國家的領導人有可能拋棄反化學武器和種族滅絕的相關國際法。“年復一年，形勢越加嚴峻。”休森在談到地緣政治風險時說道。

種種擔籠罩美國政界。共和黨人領導的美國國會已經將2018財年的國防部預算上調約15%，增至7000億美元，民主黨對此表示支持。而暴脾氣的最高領導人——美國總統特朗普更是明確支持國防。他曾直接宣布對國家安全領域的期待，在推特上發帖稱要降低洛克希德·馬丁的F-35生產成本，還表示要用“智能”導彈向敘利亞開火。國防企業的高管們認為，從外部環境來看當前是從業以來行業環境最佳的時期。“造就這場完美風暴的是，我們對國防領域的發展前景達成了共識。”杜格勒如是說。

如此背景下，女性首席執行官也擁有大展才華的機會。以休森為例。自她2013年執掌洛克希德·馬丁以來，公司的股票回報率達到338%。總體而言，特朗普當選以來，航天和國防類股一路高漲，漲幅較大盤高出29個百分點。三場采訪中，休森、卡雷特和杜格勒都探討了在高風險環境下如何領導企業。（沃登和諾瓦科維奇拒絕接受采訪。）以下是她們的看法，因篇幅有限也為表述清晰，內容略經編輯。

No one felt the shift more viscerally than Linda Hudson, who in 2009 became CEO of BAE Sys-tems and the industry’s first female leader. When she launched her career surrounded by male colleagues, in 1972, “I needed them to forget I was female,” she recalls. By the end of her career, she says, “being female had somewhat turned into an advantage—that you had risen against all odds.”

On the battlefield, the U.S. has the odds on its side—and these women plan to keep it that way. Even as they compete for government budget dollars, the executives say they share a duty to the United States: “To ensure that there is an unfair fight—unfair in our favor,” as Caret puts it.

Yet maintaining this country’s lead in military might and technology has never been more difficult. There is rising unease in U.S. relations with superpowers Russia and China, whose technical prowess is increasing at a breakneck pace. Add to that the nuclear capabilities of rogue states including North Korea and Iran, and continuing atrocities by acolytes of extremist factions. There are credible threats of attacks (physical and cyber) even beyond Earth’s atmosphere. And heads of state have shown a willingness to disregard international law on chemical warfare and genocide. “Every year it seems to get even more dramatic,” Hewson says of the geopolitical risk climate.

Those fears have resounded in Washington, D.C., where a Republican-led Congress granted the Pentagon a budget increase of more than 15%—to $700 billion for fiscal 2018—with vocal sup-port from the other side of the aisle. It hasn’t hurt to have a hot-tempered Commander-in-Chief who has been direct about announcing what he wants on the national security front, whether it’s cost reductions on Lockheed’s F-35 fighter jet or “smart” missiles to fire on Syria (both expressed via tweets). All told, executives describe what may be the best industry climate of their careers. “What makes this the perfect storm is that we really do have consensus around what needs to happen in our defense space,” says Dugle.

Against that backdrop, the female CEOs have had a chance to shine. Since Hewson took over Lockheed Martin in 2013, for example, the stock has returned 338%. Overall, since President Trump’s election, aerospace and defense stocks have outperformed the market by 29 percentage points. In separate interviews, Hewson, Caret, and Dugle discussed leadership when the stakes are the highest. (Warden and Novakovic declined to participate.) What follows is in their words, edited for length and clarity.

我和通用動力的菲比·諾瓦科維奇在2013年的同一天擔任首席執行官。我們是好朋友，曾聊過作為公司史上首位女性領導者第一天上任的感覺。剛開始我覺得，“不想讓人感覺得到這個職位只因為我是女性。”我希望大家認識到，取得這樣的成績是因為公司給我們機會學習、成長，變得強大，在工作中展現我們的能力。通過種種努力，最終我們可以成為公司最高層。

不過，我和菲比也討論了我們成為模范榜樣的問題。這是我們應該認真對待的事，因為能啟發和激勵其他女性，像在告訴她們：“我也可以做那樣的工作。”

我還記得，剛入職場時，我不是很確定自己有沒有為謀求事業進步做好準備。沒過多久，我開始為洛克希德·馬丁效力，公司把我列為一個專門的一般管理層計劃人選，讓我真正走上了職業進取之路。現在想來真不可思議，那可是三十年前，這家公司就意識到要投入培養人才。對員工個人來說，只需要好好表現、把握這些機會就夠了。所以，當董事會讓我執掌洛克希德·馬丁經營大權時，可以說：“我準備好了。”

看看凱西（沃登）、利安妮（卡雷特）和我們行業的其他女高管，你會發現，關鍵是她們能得到和男性一樣的經驗。米歇爾·埃文思是我們剛剛任命的一位女性高管，她將領導公司210億美元規模的航空業務，以及我們最大的F-35項目。已經在洛克希德·馬丁工作多年的她，有著豐富的經驗，對業務盈虧負有責任感，得到這一職位不算意外。我認為，不管是男性還是女性，這些都是擔任首席執行官需要具備的。

Phebe Novakovic at General Dynamics and I started as CEOs on the same day in 2013. Phebe and I are good friends and have talked about what it’s like on day one as the first female leader of our companies. And early on, I kind of felt like, “Well, gee, I don’t want to be recognized that I achieved this just because of my gender.” I just wanted to be recognized that I achieved that through being in a company that gives us opportunities to learn and grow and be strong and demonstrate our capabilities in our performance. And through those results, ultimately we can achieve the most senior position in the company.

However, both Phebe and I discuss that we are role models. And that’s something that we should take very seriously because it inspires and motivates other women to say, “I can be in that job.”

I can think back at times early in my career when I wasn’t quite sure if I was ready for something. Soon after I started at Lockheed Martin they put me on a special general management development plan, and that is what really got me on a path. And I think back, gosh, over 30 years ago, this company recognized that you invest in talent. It’s up to the individual to perform, to accept those opportunities. So when the board offered me the position of running Lockheed Martin, I said, “I’m ready.”

When you look at Kathy [Warden] and Leanne [Caret] and others in our industry, it’s really a matter of them getting the experiences just like a male would get. We just named a woman, Michele Evans, to lead our $21 billion aeronautics business and the largest program that we have, the F-35. But she didn’t get there by accident. She got there because she has developed a long career at Lockheed Martin and gotten a lot of different experiences. She’s had profit and loss responsibility. And all of those things I think are what you look for, whether it’s a man or a woman, to take over as CEO.

實際上，有人曾告訴我，我永遠不會做管理層。我的二級主管說，我太愛笑，要么大笑要么微笑。可我的直接上級不同意那位主管的看法，他說：“我們需要讓你去擔任和現在不同的職位，因為要是不那么做，你就不會成為我預計你能變成的那種人。”這是要明確公司會為所有人創造機會，不單是對男性，對作為少數群體的女性也是如此。

不過，我從來沒有期待自己會做到今天這個位子。當時我在和我們的董事長丹尼斯·米倫伯格以及人力資源主管開會，突然之間，丹尼斯說：“嘿，利安妮，你能不能再待久一點，我要和你談談。”然后，他們就關上門，我忍不住叫起來：“天啊，你是要炒了我吧。”丹尼斯卻這樣回應：“什么？我是想讓你做這個（工作）。”

I was actually told I would never make management. My second level supervisor said I laughed too much, I smiled too much. But my immediate boss disagreed with his boss, and he said, “We need to get you to a different position because you’re not going to be who I think you can be if we don’t get you somewhere else.” It’s about making certain that we’re creating opportunities for everyone—for women, for minorities, for men.

But I never had any expectation I would be in this office. I was in a meeting with our chairman, Dennis Muilenburg, and the head of our HR, and all of a sudden, Dennis goes, “Hey, Leanne, can you just stay a little bit longer because I need to talk to you.” And they’re shutting the door, and I blurted out, “Oh, my God, you’re firing me.” And Dennis is like, “What? No. I want you to do this [job].”

我是我家里第一個上大學的女性。25年前，甚至15年前我都不敢想未來有一天在洛克希德·馬丁、諾斯洛普格拉曼公司和通用動力之類公司會出現女性領導人。個人職業生涯中，我告訴自己很多次“不可能。”我記得后來的老板領我進入雷神公司時問我，愿不愿意當其中一家公司的總裁？我的回答是，“哦，天吶，你應該考慮X、Y和Z。他們更有資格。”后來我告訴一位好友說這件事，她說，“這是我聽過最愚蠢的事，以后再別提了。你真是一個壞榜樣。”所以我真的很幸運，人們給了我很多超乎預料的好機會。

我很擔心國家的敵人，把其中幾個大國人口加起來就會發現，美國明顯處于劣勢。所以對我來說，性別多樣性是國家安全問題。如果國家能利用好每個人才，對大家都有益。

對女性來說，去沙特阿拉伯挑戰更大，沙特與美國的國防公司達成了數十億美元的交易。我在沙特就犯過不少新手級錯誤。新手犯錯案例1：門打開就進電梯。錯！男性跟女性要乘坐不同的電梯。新手犯錯案例2：喝咖啡太多，因為沒有女性洗手間。新手犯錯案例3：安檢時跟著隊伍排隊。一般都是男性的隊伍，旁邊才是女性專門的排隊區域。

休森：我在沙特住過不短時間。我穿著長袍，臉上圍著莎依拉，尊重當地傳統，尤其是女性的著裝習慣。但除此之外，我并未因女性身份受到特別對待，跟其他國家高級政府官員接待我的方式差不多。

特朗普時代的國防

休森：我經常旅行，跟世界各國領導人會面，經常聽說地緣政治充滿不確定性和波動性的嚴重性。地緣政治并不平衡，跨越各大洲，而且威脅正持續加速，很讓人擔心。老實說，威脅涉及所有領域，空中、陸地、太空，還有網絡。與俄羅斯、非政府團體和恐怖分子都有關。因此，繼續保持并提升技術優勢至關重要。我們的對手或潛在對手都在迅速發展。

杜格勒：兩黨領導人都意識到，目前戰備情況和一些技術面臨前所未有的威脅，尤其太空方面。現在可沒有數十年時間供我們發展技術，積攢經驗和實踐，所以在太空和網絡方面存在很多未知數。政府提供了超越對手的最好潛在機會，但更可能是巨大的挑戰。國會議員積極批準了十年來最大的預算后，現在可能是全行業最激動人心的時刻。

卡雷特：現任政府不管是對話的態度，還是向業界傳輸觀念都很特別。他們非常坦誠，有時話不一定好聽，但對達成更進一步合作很重要。

空間戰爭

卡雷特：很多人都沒有意識到空間對當代人生活的重要性。但如果沒有太空中的衛星，手機里的GPS功能就會作廢。所以看到人們終于開始理解世界多么大之后，我很高興。

杜格勒：多年來人們一直在爭論：太空是戰爭的一部分嗎？其實很荒謬。因為地面戰爭是由空間驅動的。想想衛星通信，有了定位我們才知道軍隊在哪里，移動方向以及實現溝通。還有GPS和精準導航，如果想瞄準某處，首先得知道具體位置在哪。因此，如果對手摧毀空間設備，地面部隊也會癱瘓。受影響的不僅是軍事或戰爭，銀行交易也會使用GPS技術。因此，如果系統受到某種攻擊，銀行業也會崩潰。

休森：導彈預警等功能背后都是衛星支持。看看9月中旬的佛羅倫薩颶風就能明白。今年，我們根據美國國家海洋和大氣管理局的推薦推出了最先進的氣象衛星，捕捉的畫面簡直像從黑白電視一步進化到高清大屏幕電視，甚至能繪制閃電信息。這顆衛星對拯救生命作用很大，因為在氣候現象和颶風形成早期即可預測。

保持領先地位

休森：我們正研究的一個重要領域是超音速，可以超過5馬赫，即超過聲速5倍，包括武器也包括飛機或宇宙飛船之類。美國之外的其他國家也在該領域迅速崛起，保持領先地位很重要，所以我們在投入大量資金，美國國防部也是。如果知道其他人在投資研究高超音速武器，就得確保能實現防御。定向能量或激光武器系統非常重要。這類武器不需要傳統的彈藥補給，成本更低，而且更有效率。我們還有所謂的碰撞擊殺技術，類似用子彈擊中子彈。目標是在導彈落地甚至破片之前就能擊中并實現驅散。

自動駕駛非常重要。不幸的是，阿富汗和伊拉克的簡易爆炸裝置對駕駛卡車（提供補給）的人們危害非常大。因此，我們團隊找了一架之前用于運送木料上山的直升機，把它改裝為自動駕駛系統，后來運送了價值耗資數百萬英鎊的補給。誰能算出因為無人駕駛挽救了多少人的生命？

卡雷特：有一艘55英尺長的潛水艇在水下待命，不需要駕駛就能實現自動部署。我們深信也希望達到的目標是，自動空中交通會變成日常生活一部分。波音將走在行業前列。在我看來，某天人們肯定會鉆進各自的小車艙，然后開始行程。

杜格勒：技術發展的速度可能是好事，也可能是壞事：如果我們是行動最快的，比如在其他國家之前實現量子計算，當然很好。如果進展不順，就不太妙。

911事件發生并不是因為出現全新的技術，而是因為劫匪將飛機變成了武器。我認為靠著當前的技術和處理能力，詳盡分析公開信息，從動態視頻到每個擁有電話發射信號的人，想了解正在發生的事會更容易。我相信英特爾社區每天都在努力。舉個很明顯的例子，現在人們可以利用社交媒體數據上疊加分析層并掌握輿情。在阿拉伯之春事件時，通過技術就可以提前知道。我們可以利用預知的優勢保護國家安定。當然了，所有進步都要付出代價，隱私權仍然要高度重視。

休森：希望跟我們合作的政府行事正當。我也相信行業在努力保證國家安全。事實證明，之后并未出現類似911的事件。美國在國防和軍事領域仍是領導者，而且還將繼續保持。關鍵在于要繼續投資國防，確保隨著技術的發展始終處于最前沿。（財富中文網）

本文的另一個版本發表于2018年10月1日出版的《財富》雜志上，為“最具影響力的商界女性”系列報道的一部分，標題為《力量的展示》。

譯者：Ms

I was the first woman in my family to go to college. And I would have never surmised 25 or even 15 years ago that you’d have women leading a Lockheed Martin, a Northrop Grumman, a General Dynamics. In my own career, many times I told myself “no.” I remember when the person who was going to be my boss brought me in at Raytheon and said, Would you like to be considered for the president of one of our businesses? And my response was, “Oh, gosh, I think you should think about Person X and Y and Z. They’re much more qualified.” And I later told a dear friend I had done that, and she said to me, “That is not only the stupidest thing I have ever heard, don’t ever tell that story again. You’re being a terrible role model.” So I was really fortunate that people gave me probably more opportunity than I was ready for.

I worry a lot with nation-state adversaries—if you just add up [the populations of ] a few of those big players, we’re outmanned. So to me, [gender diversity] is a national security issue. Our country benefits by utilizing every talent, every individual.

One place it is more challenging for women is Saudi Arabia, which has billions of dollars in deals with U.S. defense companies. I’ve been [there], and my advice to female colleagues traveling there is, don’t make rookie mistakes. Rookie mistake No. 1 is getting in the elevator when the doors open. No. Men and women ride in separate elevators. Rookie mistake No. 2: drinking too much coffee—no women’s restrooms. Rookie mistake No. 3: getting in the line when it’s time to go through security. That’s the men’s line. There’s a women’s area off to the side.

HEWSON: I spend a lot of time in the Kingdom. I wear an abaya and a shayla and honor the traditions that they have, particularly in women’s dress. But beyond that, I was never treated any differently as a female or differently than I would be by any other senior government official around the world.

Defense in the Trump Era

HEWSON: I travel a lot, meeting with world leaders, and what I hear is how significant the geopolitical environment is in terms of its unpredictability, its volatility. It’s asymmetrical; it’s intercontinental—the threats are just continuing to accelerate, and there’s a big concern. It’s across all domains, frankly—air, land, space, cyber. Russia and actors and terrorists. So it’s critically important to maintain and continue to advance our technological superiority. Our adversaries or potential adversaries are progressing very quickly.

DUGLE: Leaders on the Hill from both parties realize that our readiness and some of our tech-nology, certainly in space, were being contested in a way we hadn’t seen. There are more un-known variables in the equation with space and cyber because we don’t have decades of training technique, experience, exercise. I think they offer the biggest potential opportunity to outpace an adversary but probably the bigger challenge. And [lawmakers] stepped forward and gave us the largest budget that we’ve seen in a decade. It’s probably one of the most exciting times to be in this industry that it’s ever been.

CARET: The types of conversations this administration is having now, and the insight it’s giving us, are unique. They’re very good at candor, and you may not always like what you hear. But it’s a significant step toward a more collaborative relationship.

Space Wars

CARET: Many people don’t realize how important space is today to run our lives. But you’re not going to use that GPS in your phone to find your way without the satellites that are up there working. So I’m excited that folks are starting to have a better appreciation of how large this world is.

DUGLE: For years we were having a debate: Is space a part of warfare? Which really was ridiculous. Because war on the ground is driven by space. Think about all the satellite communications that allow us to know where troops are and how they’re moving and to communicate with them. GPS and precision navigation—if we’re going to target something, we need to know where that is. So if adversaries disable our space assets, we’re disabled on the ground as well. And it’s not just military or warfare. GPS is used for banking transactions. So if that system was somehow disabled, our banking community would be disabled.

HEWSON: Things like missile warning are supported by satellites. Or look at what’s happening with [Hurricane Florence] mid-September. This year we launched the most advanced weather satellite that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration puts up—it captures images that are like going from black-and-white TV to high definition big-screen TV. It maps lightning. And it’s helping to save lives because it’s predicting earlier weather patterns and hurricanes.

Staying Ahead of the Pack

HEWSON: An important area that we’re working in is hypersonics—things that can travel over Mach 5 [five times the speed of sound], whether it’s weapons or [aircraft or spacecraft or some-thing else]. Others outside the U.S. are ramping up in that area, and we need to stay ahead of the curve, so we’re investing significantly in it, as is the Department of Defense. And if you think others are spending on hypersonic weapons, you’ve got to be able to defend against them. So directed energy, or laser weapon systems, are very important. You don’t have to have the same replenishment of munitions, so it’s more cost-effective—and just more effective. We also have what’s called hit-to-kill technology that’s like a bullet hitting a bullet. Before the incoming missile could land or even fragment, we’re able to hit it, and it dissipates.

Autonomy is really critically important. In Afghanistan and Iraq, improvised explosive devices were unfortunately very harmful for men and women who were driving trucks [of supplies]. So our team identified a helicopter that was used for logging—taking logs up a mountain—and made it autonomous. And it took millions and millions of pounds of supplies forward. Who could count how many lives that saved because our men and women weren’t driving?

CARET: We have an autonomous 55-foot submarine that’s floating underwater—it doesn’t need to be towed out there, it’s self-deployable. It is our belief and our intent that autonomous air traffic is going to be just part of our normal day-to-day transportation. And Boeing is going to be at the forefront of that. There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that one of these days, we’re all going to get into our little car pod, and we’re just going to go traverse.

DUGLE: The speed at which technology is moving can be a blessing or a curse: If we’re the fastest mover, and we get to quantum computing before another country does, it’s great. If we get disadvantaged, not so great.

When 9/11 happened, it wasn’t because there was a super new technology. It was because an air-craft turned into a weapon. I’m convinced today, with all of the technology and processing power, we’d have a much improved chance of understanding what was happening by using all of that public information, from full-motion video to everybody having a phone that is an emitter. I’m quite confident our intel community does it on a day-to-day basis. One of the best examples is we really can overlay an analytic layer on all the social media data and get sentiment. With the Arab Spring, we knew it was happening early because of technologies. And we can use that situational awareness to protect our country. Still, everything is about a tradeoff—privacy needs to be very highly valued.

HEWSON: We expect the governments we do business for are going to be doing things that are appropriate. And I am confident that we are working on the right things to keep this nation safe. That’s evidenced by the fact that we haven’t had another situation like [9/11] happen. We’re still the leader [in defense and military capabilities], and will continue to be. What’s important is that we continue to invest in defense and make sure that as technology moves forward, we stay on the forefront.

A version of this article appears in the Oct. 1, 2018 issue of Fortune as part of the Most Powerful Women package with the headline “Show Of Strength.”