由美國聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)為期兩年半的研究顯示，手機(jī)輻射與心腦腫瘤有關(guān)，至少對(duì)于大鼠來說，兩者之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。

上周四，美國國家毒理學(xué)計(jì)劃（NTP）發(fā)布了經(jīng)同業(yè)評(píng)審的手機(jī)輻射對(duì)大鼠影響的部分研究成果。結(jié)果顯示，受試對(duì)象患惡性腦膠質(zhì)瘤和心臟神經(jīng)鞘瘤的幾率不高。

在即將公布的另外兩份報(bào)告中，NTP將會(huì)披露全部研究成果及相關(guān)結(jié)果，包括對(duì)大鼠的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。盡管今年晚些時(shí)候?qū)?huì)公布其他相關(guān)研究結(jié)果，但在2017年年底前，此類報(bào)告很可能僅用于同業(yè)評(píng)審和征求公眾意見。

目前，研究人員稱，他們?cè)谀承┬坌源笫笊砩习l(fā)現(xiàn)的心腦類腫瘤“可能是由全身暴露”在射頻輻射（RFR）中導(dǎo)致的。實(shí)驗(yàn)中，采用GSM和CDMA兩種移動(dòng)行業(yè)通訊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為RFR。

RFR為非電離輻射，即電子從原子或分子中分離時(shí)不攜帶能量。眾所周知，包含X射線在內(nèi)的電離輻射可能導(dǎo)致癌癥的發(fā)生。目前，關(guān)于RFR是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致某種癌癥，證據(jù)還遠(yuǎn)不充分。

在此，有兩點(diǎn)非常重要，必須引起注意。首先，大鼠并不是人類。其次，該類實(shí)驗(yàn)中致癌的幾率確實(shí)非常低。但由于手機(jī)科技普及性極高，因此即便是很低的致病概率也可能引起公眾對(duì)健康問題的深切關(guān)注。

NTP項(xiàng)目的前負(fù)責(zé)人羅恩?梅爾尼克（Ron Melnick）稱，根據(jù)《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》報(bào)道，這項(xiàng)新研究“終結(jié)”了手機(jī)輻射沒有危害這一說法。

但是，其他一些研究則表明，手機(jī)輻射是安全的。例如，上月發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)在澳大利亞進(jìn)行的研究表明，澳大利亞的腦癌患病幾率并未因手機(jī)普及而上升。

NTP實(shí)驗(yàn)中，將嚙齒動(dòng)物暴露在美國常用的典型蜂窩通信無線電射頻中（其中為大鼠施加的射頻頻率為900MHz，小鼠為1900MHz）。從胚胎開始，貫穿于整個(gè)生命周期，每天暴露9小時(shí)。

廣泛應(yīng)用的GSM移動(dòng)通訊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輻射中，所有實(shí)驗(yàn)組的雄性大鼠患惡性腦膠質(zhì)瘤的幾率并不高（為3.3%）。而數(shù)據(jù)顯示，暴露于CDMA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的高能無線電波中，惡性腦膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)病率同樣為3.3%。控制組中的大鼠，由于未受到RFR輻射，因而未發(fā)現(xiàn)患此類疾病。

相比之下，雌性大鼠發(fā)病的幾率較低，高能GSM輻射下的雌鼠腦損害發(fā)病概率僅為 1.1%，在低能CDMA輻射情況下惡性病變發(fā)生概率為2.2%。

GSM和CDMA輻射暴露組中的某些雄性大鼠發(fā)生心臟損傷，但CDMA輻射下發(fā)生概率較高（高達(dá)6.6%）。與上述情況類似，控制組大鼠沒有發(fā)生病變，且雌性大鼠患病率較低。

事實(shí)上，在為期兩年的研究結(jié)束時(shí)，控制組大鼠比輻射暴露組的大鼠存活率低；研究人員稱，若上述腫瘤為“后發(fā)疾病”，那么這一現(xiàn)象可能影響暴露組大鼠和非暴露組大鼠間的對(duì)比結(jié)果。

根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)人員記錄，“在研究后期或研究結(jié)束時(shí)死亡的動(dòng)物中，大多都發(fā)現(xiàn)了患有神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤。”“但是，在為期90周的研究中，發(fā)現(xiàn)暴露組中心臟神經(jīng)鞘瘤發(fā)生概率較高。研究期間，控制組中的90只雄性大鼠約有60只存活，但是存在患腫瘤疾病的危險(xiǎn)。”

代表全球手機(jī)運(yùn)營商的GSMA稱，過去二十年的研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)使用手機(jī)會(huì)導(dǎo)致任何健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其發(fā)言人告訴《財(cái)富》記者稱，“研究成果將由科學(xué)界結(jié)合全部已有研究，研究成果的一致性以及反響的重要性進(jìn)行審議。” (財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

翻譯：司慧杰/汪皓

A two-and-a-half-year study carried out by U.S. federal agencies points to a link between cellphone radiation and heart and brain tumors—at least, in rats.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) on last Thursday released the peer-reviewed partial results of a study into the effects of mobile radiation on rats. It found low incidences of malignant gliomas in the brain, and schwannomas in the hearts of the subjects.

Two forthcoming NTP reports will lay out the full findings of the study and others like it, also involving mice. These reports will probably only be available for peer review and public comment by the end of 2017, although some additional results should be published later this year.

For now, the researchers say the brain and heart tumors that they observed in some male rats “are considered likely the result of whole-body exposures” to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) modulated using the GSM and CDMA mobile industry standards.

RFR is non-ionizing, which is to say it doesn’t carry enough energy to remove the electrons from atoms or molecules. Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, comes with known cancer risks. The evidence for RFR being any kind of cancer threat has so far been extremely limited.

Two things are very important to note here. Firstly, rats aren’t people. Secondly, the incidences of tumors in these tests were indeed very low—although with the ubiquity of this technology, even a low risk could be a serious public health concern.

According to former NTP project leader Ron Melnick, quoted by the Wall Street Journal, the new study “ends” the notion that there is no risk from cellphone radiation.

That said, other studies have suggested cellphone radiation is safe. For example, a study in Australia, the results of which were released last month, showed no increase in brain cancer in the country that could be tied to the widespread rise in cellphone use.

The NTP tests involved exposing rodents to the typical radio frequencies used in cellular communications in the U.S. (at 900MHz for the rats and 1900MHz for the mice) for periods of around nine hours per day, starting in the womb and continuing throughout their lives.

The radiation using the widely-used GSM mobile communications standard resulted in low incidences (up to 3.3%) of malignant brain gliomas in all groups of male rats. Exposure to radio waves using the CDMA standard also caused statistically significant trends towards malignant gliomas (again, at 3.3%) at higher energies. There were no incidences of these lesions in control group rats, which were not exposed to RFR.

Incidences were lower for female rats, with just 1.1% of rats developing a brain lesion from GSM-modulated radiation at higher energies, and 2.2% developing malignant lesions from lower-energy CDMA-modulated radiation.

Heart lesions were again observed in some male rats in all the exposed groups, for both GSM and CDMA, although CDMA radiation caused significantly higher incidences (up to 6.6%). Again, the control group rats saw no incidences, and incidences were lower among females.

As it happens, the control group rats actually had lower survival rates at the end of the two-year study than those exposed to the radiation—the researchers said it was possible this could have had an effect on the comparison between exposed and non-exposed rats, if the tumors in question are late-developing.

“Most of the gliomas were observed in animals that died late in the study, or at the terminal sacrifice,” they wrote. “However, a relatively high number of the heart schwannomas in exposed groups were observed by 90 weeks into the study, a time when approximately 60 of the 90 control male rats remained alive and at risk for developing a tumor.”

The GSMA, which represents mobile operators around the world, stressed that previous studies over the last two decades have not shown any health risks associated with mobile use.

“The study findings will be considered by the scientific community in the context of the whole body of available research, the consistency of the findings and the importance of replication,” a spokesperson told Fortune.