????多年以來，研究人員一直預(yù)測稱，機(jī)器人將會搶走人類的工作。在英國，德勤公司和牛津大學(xué)估算說，未來將有1000萬個(gè)非技術(shù)類工作崗位將被機(jī)器人取代。牛津大學(xué)研究人員卡爾?貝內(nèi)迪克特?弗瑞和邁克爾?奧斯本在2013年聲稱，到2033年，美國將有47%的工作崗位實(shí)現(xiàn)自動化，并被電腦所取代。

????有些專家則表示人類無需過分擔(dān)心，因?yàn)榭萍荚谕淌梢慌f職業(yè)的同時(shí)，總會創(chuàng)造一批新職業(yè)，從而使工人換崗而非失業(yè)。不過近年來，隨著科技變得愈加復(fù)雜，人們的擔(dān)憂與日俱增。市場研究機(jī)構(gòu)Outsell公司的首席分析師利?沃森?希利表示：“究竟是哪里不同了？如今，科技進(jìn)步的速度加上大數(shù)據(jù)現(xiàn)象，導(dǎo)致更高水平的機(jī)器已經(jīng)可以從事更高級的認(rèn)知型任務(wù)。”言下之意就是，以前有些高要求的工作需要一些受到高級培訓(xùn)的人才，但以后未必如此。操作，乃至制造機(jī)器所需要人數(shù)非常有限，那么那些被機(jī)器搶走了工作的人又應(yīng)該上哪去呢？

????麻省理工學(xué)院研究人員馬特?畢尼表示：“我不認(rèn)為我們對這個(gè)問題已經(jīng)有了很好的應(yīng)對方法。這個(gè)‘末日場景’看起來還是挺嚴(yán)峻的。從現(xiàn)在開始，形勢的確會發(fā)生變化，而且它的變化速度會超過我們能夠應(yīng)對的速度。”

????一直到不久以前，受到機(jī)器人沖擊的還主要是藍(lán)領(lǐng)工作，尤其是裝配線上的藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人。但現(xiàn)在，人工智能、機(jī)器人和其它顛覆性的新技術(shù)正在挑戰(zhàn)以前貌似不容易被取代的白領(lǐng)工作。

????以聯(lián)邦快遞為例。《機(jī)器人報(bào)告》雜志編輯兼發(fā)行人弗蘭克?托比表示：“該公司希望在2020年建成一個(gè)飛行員中心，靠三四名飛行員就能飛全美的整支機(jī)隊(duì)（幾百架飛機(jī)）。”俄羅斯科技巨頭Mail.Ru集團(tuán)CEO兼風(fēng)投機(jī)構(gòu)Grishin Robots公司的機(jī)器人總監(jiān)迪米特里?格里辛表示：“我投資的一家公司能利用機(jī)器人在學(xué)校里教數(shù)學(xué)。”

????這也帶來了下面這個(gè)問題：把這么多工作推給機(jī)器，究竟是會給人類帶來光明的未來，還是會演變成《終結(jié)者》那樣的結(jié)局：人類成為機(jī)器人統(tǒng)治下的羔羊？

????以下是已經(jīng)被計(jì)算機(jī)、機(jī)器人和人工智能取代了的五個(gè)專業(yè)性工作。

????For years now, some researchers have been anticipating that robots would take away jobs from humans. In the UK, Deloitte and the University of Oxford predicted that 10 million unskilled jobs could be taken over by robots. University of Oxford researchers Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne estimated in 2013 that 47 percent of total U.S. jobs could be automated and taken over by computers by 2033.

????Some experts say not to worry because technology has always created new jobs while eliminating old ones ones,displacing but not replacing workers. But lately, as technology has become more sophisticated, the drumbeat of worry has intensified. “What’s different now?” asked Leigh Watson Healy, chief analyst at market research firm Outsell. “The pace of technology advancements plus the big data phenomenon lead to a whole new level of machines to perform higher level cognitive tasks.” Translated: the old formula of creating more demanding jobs that need advanced training may no longer hold true. The number of people needed to oversee the machines, and to create them, is limited. Where do the many whose occupations have become obsolete go?

????“I don’t think we have a good handle on this,” said MIT researcher Matt Beane. “The end game scenarios seem kind of severe. From here on in, it’s really, really, really going to change and it’s going to change faster than we can handle.”

????Until recently, it was largely blue collar jobs that have felt the brunt, as technologies automated assembly-line work. Now, researchers are beginning to see that artificial intelligence, robotics and new disruptive technology are challenging white-collar professions that previously seemed invulnerable.

????Look at FedEx. “They hope that by 2020 they will have a pilot center with three or four pilots that fly the FedEx fleet [of hundreds of planes] around the country,” said Frank Tobe, editor and publisher of The Robot Report, a publication that tracks and analyzes the robot industry. Or there’s education. “I invested in one company that uses robots to teach mathematics in schools,” said Dmitry Grishin, CEO of Russian tech giant Mail.Ru Group and head of robotics VC firm Grishin Robots.

????Which raises the question: Will pushing labor onto machines open a new bright future for humanity, or a new variation on the Terminator series: Rule of the Robot Overlords?

????Here are five professional jobs already being replaced by computers, robots, and AI.