????西非地區(qū)爆發(fā)的埃博拉病毒已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致近900人死亡，現(xiàn)在，一家小型制藥公司研制出了一款試驗(yàn)性藥物，該藥物已經(jīng)用于治療兩名被感染的美國人。

????據(jù)彭博社報(bào)道，總部位于加利福尼亞州的Mapp生物制藥公司最近推出了一款名叫ZMapp的試驗(yàn)性藥物，該藥之前只在感染了埃博拉病毒的動(dòng)物身上測試過，現(xiàn)在正用于治療肯特?布蘭特利和南茜?萊特博爾，這兩位醫(yī)務(wù)人員在利比里亞工作期間感染了埃博拉病毒。據(jù)彭博社（Bloomberg News）從病人家屬和看護(hù)人員那里了解到的情況看，目前這種藥物已經(jīng)起效了。

????關(guān)于Mapp生物制藥公司，以及它推出的這款抗埃博拉病毒藥物，有五點(diǎn)值得我們了解。

????（1）埃博拉病毒目前無法治愈。該病毒會(huì)導(dǎo)致人體的嚴(yán)重疾病，致死率高達(dá)90%。據(jù)世界健康組織介紹，該病毒通常在中非和西非的邊遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村地爆發(fā)。它一般是通過與被感染動(dòng)物的血液或其它體液的密切接觸而傳播到人體的。

????（2）Mapp生物制藥公司創(chuàng)立于2003年，目前市場上尚無該公司生產(chǎn)的藥品出售。該公司主要關(guān)注“全球健康和生化防御領(lǐng)域尚未滿足的需求”，現(xiàn)有10個(gè)抗體產(chǎn)品開發(fā)項(xiàng)目，其中之一就是針對(duì)埃博拉病毒。

????（3）今年年初，Mapp等幾家生物制藥公司獲得了一筆五年期最高2800萬美元的獎(jiǎng)金，用于一個(gè)抗擊埃博拉病毒的項(xiàng)目。這筆獎(jiǎng)金是由美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院（National Institutes of Health）提供的，旨在通過全球合作開發(fā)出抗擊埃博拉病毒和青猴病、蘇丹亞型埃博拉病毒、拉沙病毒等出血熱病毒的雞尾酒療法。這筆獎(jiǎng)金意在激勵(lì)所有參與方貢獻(xiàn)抗體，以開發(fā)最佳治療方案。

????（4）就在這筆獎(jiǎng)金發(fā)放之前，美國陸軍傳染病醫(yī)學(xué)研究院（U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases）的研究顯示，一系列抗體的組合可以阻止埃博拉病毒的惡化。在試驗(yàn)中，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)成功地治療了開始出現(xiàn)病毒癥狀的靈長類動(dòng)物。與此同時(shí)，Mapp公司也已經(jīng)和加拿大的Defyrus公司展開合作，以優(yōu)化更多專利療法的研發(fā)過程。

????（5）在治療兩名美國醫(yī)務(wù)人員時(shí)，Mapp公司的新藥表現(xiàn)出良好的療效。因此，很多人質(zhì)疑說，在幾百名非洲人已經(jīng)死亡的情況下，為什么美國政府還要限制這款試驗(yàn)性藥物？據(jù)彭博社報(bào)道，美國食品與藥品監(jiān)督局（FDA）可以在24小時(shí)之內(nèi)，通過一項(xiàng)使用未獲批準(zhǔn)藥物的緊急決議。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

????譯者：樸成奎

????In the wake of an Ebola outbreak in West Africa that has resulted in nearly 900 deaths, a tiny pharmaceutical maker has allowed an experimental treatment to be used for two Americans infected with the deadly virus.

????California-based Mapp Biopharmaceutical has released its experimental ZMapp drug, which had only been tested on infected animals, to treat Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol, according to Bloomberg News. The two health workers were infected while working in Liberia. The treatments for now appear to be working, Bloomberg said, citing relatives and supporters.

????Here are five things to know about Mapp and its efforts to develop a potential treatment for the Ebola virus.

????1) The Ebola virus has no cure. The disease is a severe illness in humans, with a fatality rate of up to 90%. Outbreaks often occur in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rain forests, according to the World Health Organization. It is introduced into the human population through close contact with blood or other bodily fluids of infected animals, WHO says.

????2) Mapp, which was founded in 2003, has no commercially available treatments on the market. The company focuses on “unmet needs in global health and biodefense,” and currently has 10 antibody product development programs, with one of those focusing on the Ebola virus.

????3) Mapp and a few other biopharmaceutical companies earlier this year were awarded a five-year grant of up to $28 million for a project to fight the Ebola virus. The grant, awarded by the National Institutes of Health, is meant to be a global collaboration to develop cocktails to fight Ebola and other hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Marburg, Sudan and Lassa viruses. The program is meant to encourage all participates to contribute antibodies to develop the best possible treatment.

????4) That grant was awarded after research from the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases showed that a mix of antibodies can stop the Ebola virus. Scientists were able to successfully treat infected primates following the onset of disease symptoms. Around that time, Mapp had consolidated its antibody programs with Canada-based Defyrus, aiming to streamline the development of more potent treatments.

????5) The potential success of Mapp’s drug in treating Americans infected with the disease does raise questions about the limited use of experimental treatments after hundreds of Africans have died. Bloomberg reported the Food and Drug Administration can approve an emergency application to provide access to unapproved drugs, a request that can be granted within 24 hours.