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中國全速前進(jìn)

中國全速前進(jìn)

Anne Vandermey 2013-06-04
中國大舉投資興建公路、鐵路和其他基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,以便更好地挖掘國內(nèi)消費的巨大潛力,進(jìn)一步擺脫經(jīng)濟(jì)增長對出口的依賴,實現(xiàn)更可持續(xù)的發(fā)展。財富全球論壇召開在即,中國狂飆突進(jìn)式的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)浪潮將再次成為全球關(guān)注的焦點之一。

????中國正面臨著一個十字路口。中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正堅定地推動這個世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體的轉(zhuǎn)型。他們希望讓所謂的知識型企業(yè)與傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)并駕齊驅(qū);希望擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需以帶動經(jīng)濟(jì)增長;希望全世界都垂涎中國品牌。全球政商界領(lǐng)袖將在《財富》(Fortune)雜志舉辦的全球論壇(Global Forum)上就這一宏偉愿景展開討論和辯論,論壇即將于6月6日-8日在西部城市成都舉行。但閱讀這篇特別報道后,你會發(fā)現(xiàn),種種跡象正在不斷浮現(xiàn),預(yù)示著一個全新的中國即將出現(xiàn)。總部設(shè)在北京的聯(lián)想(Lenovo)正在生產(chǎn)創(chuàng)新科技產(chǎn)品;大連萬達(dá)集團(tuán)(Wanda Group of Dalian)正在國內(nèi)建造主題公園和度假區(qū);中國政府正在大舉投資興建公路和鐵路,以方便中產(chǎn)階層和富裕消費者旅游度假。這些龐大規(guī)模的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目帶來就業(yè)機(jī)會,更重要的是,它們有助于推動中國向下一站進(jìn)發(fā)。

????China is at a crossroads. Its leaders are committed to dramatically transforming the world's second-largest economy. They want so-called knowledge businesses to supplement manufacturing. They want to increase domestic consumption to bolster growth. They want the world to covet Chinese brands. Business and political leaders from around the world will discuss and debate this ambitious vision at Fortune's upcoming Global Forum in the western city of Chengdu on June 6-8. But signs of a New China already are emerging, as you'll discover by reading this special report. Beijing-based Lenovo is producing innovative tech products. Wanda Group of Dalian is building domestic theme parks and resorts. And the Chinese government is investing heavily in roads and railways to help middle-class and affluent consumers get there. These massive infrastructure projects help keep citizens employed -- and, more important, could help China reach its next destination.

圖為中國高速公路網(wǎng)示意圖

全速造路

投入2070億美元扭轉(zhuǎn)交通堵塞問題

????僅僅在過去的10年間,中國就興建了3.1萬英里的高速公路,長度是美國整個州際公路網(wǎng)(Interstate Highway System)的2/3。后者興建的時間已經(jīng)是在差不多60年前,因此造價高昂。目前中國的高速公路總里程為4.9萬英里,公路總長約260萬英里,是2002年總長的2倍多。

????而且這個數(shù)據(jù)仍然在繼續(xù)增長。據(jù)畢馬威(KPMG)分析,去年中國投入了2070億美元用于公路建設(shè)和升級改造。根據(jù)中國政府“十二五計劃”,到2015年,要再建成至少18.6萬英里的公路(當(dāng)然也是巨額投資),9條獨立的南北線和18條東西高速公路也在計劃內(nèi)。屆時還將建成7條另外的路線,從北京輻射到中國的邊境。

????“這些基建大部分屬于追趕型建設(shè),”佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)(Florida State University)教授山姆?斯塔利說。他在理性基金(Reason Foundation)從事國內(nèi)交通研究。中國總?cè)丝谡际澜绲?0%,但道路擁有量只占5.6%。中國在2009年就已經(jīng)超越美國成為世界上最大的汽車市場,去年的車輛成交量已經(jīng)高達(dá)1,930萬輛。

????公路建設(shè)一直是中國創(chuàng)造就業(yè)的重要渠道。根據(jù)研究公司IBISWorld的數(shù)據(jù),中國去年參與公路建設(shè)項目的企業(yè)有46家,雇員總計為710,500人,薪水支出達(dá)到了123億美元。

????但領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層期待這些道路能在從工廠到港口的原料和成品運輸中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,提高物流的效率。(最受關(guān)注的工程是大規(guī)模的造橋項目。最受期待的是長達(dá)50公里、貫通中國南部廣東省和香港及澳門的六車道大橋。根據(jù)規(guī)劃,這座大橋?qū)⒂?016年竣工,支持者稱,大橋建成后,中國大陸到香港的行程時間將從4個多小時縮短到40分鐘。)斯塔利說:“這些道橋工程可不是靠延伸想象力就能建成的。”當(dāng)然,也不是單單延長一下公路那么簡單。

The race to build roads

A $207 billion investment to head off future traffic jams

????In the past decade alone, China has built 31,000 miles of expressways. That's about two-thirds the length of the entire U.S. Interstate Highway System, constructed at great cost since it was founded some 60 years ago. Today China boasts 49,000 miles of expressways -- and some 2.6 million miles of roads, more than double the amount in 2002.

????And it's still growing. Last year China invested $207 billion in road construction and upgrades, according to analysis by KPMG. The government's current five-year plan in the country calls for at least 186,000 miles (and many billions of dollars) more by 2015, with plans to complete nine separate north-south lines and 18 expressways running east to west. Seven additional routes radiate from Beijing to China's borders.

????"Most of this infrastructure is catch-up," says Sam Staley, a Florida State University professor who studies transportation in the country for the Reason Foundation. China is home to 20% of the world's population but still has just 5.6% of its roads. In 2009, China surpassed the U.S. to become the world's largest car market, with 19.3 million vehicles sold last year.

????Highway construction has been an important part of China's efforts to create jobs. Last year the country had 46 businesses in the industry, with 710,500 employees and a $12.3 billion payroll, according to research firm IBISWorld.

????But leadership expects that the roadways will play a critical role in transporting suppliers and finished goods from factories to ports, and in helping make logistics more efficient. (Among the most watched endeavors are massive bridge projects. The most highly anticipated undertaking is a 50-kilometer six-lane bridge linking China's southern Guangdong province with Hong Kong and Macau. It is slated for completion in 2016 and proponents claim it will reduce travel time from mainland China to Hong Kong from more than four hours to 40 minutes.) Says Staley: "They're not done by any stretch of the imagination." Or any stretch of highway.

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