攝像頭時代的是與非
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????批評監(jiān)控措施的人認為，事后的攝像機輔助調(diào)查和抓捕行動并不能預防恐怖主義行為。紐約市前市長魯?shù)?朱利安尼曾經(jīng)聲稱，倫敦的監(jiān)控體系可與“好萊塢影城”相媲美，2005年7月7日倫敦發(fā)生系列爆炸案，無所不在的攝像機發(fā)揮了重要的作用，幫助警方迅速確認了自殺式襲擊者。可悲的是，這些都是爆炸發(fā)生之后的事情。 ????“波士頓爆炸案基本上證實了我們已經(jīng)知道的一個事實，”美國公民自由聯(lián)盟隱私與技術(shù)項目（Privacy & Technology Project）總監(jiān)本?維茲奈爾說。“那就是，這些攝像頭雖然是非常有效的破案手段，但是根本無法預防和震懾嚴重犯罪行為。” “少數(shù)派報告” ????監(jiān)控措施的支持者指出，技術(shù)的進步足以證明，終有一天，攝像頭將發(fā)揮增強應(yīng)對機制，協(xié)助預防犯罪的作用。視頻監(jiān)控領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導者，比如洛克希德?馬丁公司（Lockheed Martin）和諾斯羅普?格魯曼公司（Northrop Grumman），正在實現(xiàn)從模擬到數(shù)字的產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移，開始研發(fā)猶如科幻小說一般的智能攝像頭。 ????監(jiān)控的未來在于“視頻分析”——計算機將自動分析攝像訊息，從而能夠計算人口數(shù)量、記錄溫度變化，還能夠通過統(tǒng)計算法，識別可疑行為。這套體系并不需要技術(shù)人員。直到目前為止，監(jiān)控效果還一直受到人為因素的限制：要想讓監(jiān)控體系及時發(fā)揮作用，就必須有人密切留意所有的閉路電視鏡頭。 ????而且，相關(guān)的需求正在不斷增長。根據(jù)市場調(diào)研網(wǎng)站ReportsNReports的分析估計，2012年，智能監(jiān)控和視頻分析設(shè)備的全球市場規(guī)模已經(jīng)高達135億美元，預計到2020年將達到390億美元。 ????過去，視頻分析的功能被夸大了。然而，城市監(jiān)控體系似乎將不可避免地邁入越來越精密，越來越集中的發(fā)展階段。 ????估計公眾也不會強烈反對。盡管美國人非常厭惡在國內(nèi)使用無人駕駛飛行器從事監(jiān)控活動，但他們似乎并不太介意攝像頭。畢竟，美軍遠赴世界的另一頭消滅外敵的時候，美軍一直沒有高調(diào)地用過攝像頭。而在美國國內(nèi)使用無人駕駛飛行器則不免讓人覺得，政府正在把槍口對著自己的同胞。但攝像頭是可以使用的，因為它們平淡無奇，不那么引人注目。 ????實際上，成千上萬的攝像頭已經(jīng)對準了我們。而且，它們的數(shù)量還會持續(xù)增加。（財富中文網(wǎng)） ????譯者：任文科 |
????According to critics of surveillance, cameras aid investigation and apprehension in the aftermath, not the prevention, of acts of terrorism. In London, which Rudy Giuliani called the "Hollywood studio" of surveillance, cameras played an instrumental role in quickly identifying the 7/7 bombers. Sadly, it was only after the fact. ????"What we saw in Boston largely confirmed what we already knew," said Ben Wizner, Director of the ACLU's Speech, Privacy & Technology Project. "Cameras are ineffective at the prevention and deterrence of serious crime. They can be very effective at solving crime." 'Minority Report,' here we come ????Advocates of surveillance point to advancements in technology as proof that cameras will, in the future, enhance response and assist prevention. Leaders of video surveillance -- companies like Lockheed Martin (LMT) and Northrop Grumman (NOC) -- are shifting the industry from analog to digital, and into the uncanny, science-fiction realm of smart cameras. ????The future of surveillance is "video analytics," where computers will automatically analyze camera feeds to count people, register temperature changes, and, via statistical algorithms, identify suspicious behavior. No technicians required. Up to this point, surveillance has been limited by personnel: for surveillance to be useful in real-time, someone has to keep an eye on all those CCTV feeds. ????And there's growing demand. A ReportsNReports analysis estimated the size of the smart surveillance and video analytics global market at $13.5 billion in 2012; it's expected to reach $39 billion by 2020. ????The promise of video analytics has been oversold in the past. And yet the move toward increasingly elaborate -- and concentrated -- urban surveillance seems inevitable. ????Don't expect much public opposition, either. While American aversion to the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) blunted efforts to employ surveillance drones domestically, Americans seem less bothered by security cameras. They haven't been used as high-profile tools to kill foreigners on the other side of the world. Domestic drone use feels like the government is pointing its weapons at us. Cameras are permissible because they're banal. ????And, in fact, they're already here. By the thousands. There will be thousands more. |
