????根據(jù)尤因?馬里恩?考夫曼基金會(huì)（Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation）的一項(xiàng)研究，只有11%的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)是由“用戶型企業(yè)家”創(chuàng)立的，但在創(chuàng)立五年或者更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的成功企業(yè)中，這類創(chuàng)始人的比例幾乎達(dá)到了50%。

????這個(gè)現(xiàn)象說明：以解決問題為出發(fā)點(diǎn)的創(chuàng)業(yè)者通常要比那些單純以賺錢為出發(fā)點(diǎn)的人更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。該研究將用戶型企業(yè)家定義為“為了滿足自己所需研發(fā)創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)、隨后創(chuàng)立企業(yè)對(duì)這些產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)進(jìn)行商業(yè)化操作的人”。

????考夫曼基金會(huì)政策研究員、報(bào)告撰稿人之一的里迪稱：“用戶型企業(yè)家和其他企業(yè)家不同。很明顯，這些企業(yè)家在進(jìn)入業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域時(shí)擁有更明確的理念、創(chuàng)新方法和客戶群來打造一家成功的企業(yè)。”

????這份報(bào)告還援引醫(yī)療設(shè)備制造商美敦力公司（Medtronic）作為例證。美敦力公司創(chuàng)始人心臟外科醫(yī)師沃爾頓?來里赫和他的發(fā)明家好友厄爾?貝根就是用戶型企業(yè)家。上世紀(jì)五十年代，一位病人因斷電而喪失生命，為此，他們發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)安裝電池的心臟起搏器。美敦力現(xiàn)在已成為全球最大的醫(yī)療設(shè)備制造商，也是財(cái)富五百?gòu)?qiáng)公司之一，市場(chǎng)價(jià)值高達(dá)400億美元。

????里迪說：“很明顯，這些企業(yè)家進(jìn)入各自的業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域時(shí)擁有更切實(shí)的理念、創(chuàng)新以及客戶群來打造一家成功的企業(yè)。”他補(bǔ)充說，這項(xiàng)調(diào)查都是“第一手”分析材料。

????譯者：李玫曉/汪皓

????Only about 11% of startups are launched by "user entrepreneurs," but such founders represent nearly half of startups that last five years or more, according to a study by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.

????The lesson: an entrepreneur who sets out to solve a problem often has an advantage over an entrepreneur who sets out simply to make money. The study defines user entrepreneurs as "those who have created innovative products or services for their own use, then subsequently founded firms to commercialize them."

????"User entrepreneurs are different from other entrepreneurs," said E.J. Reedy, Kauffman Foundation research and policy fellow and co-author of the report, in a statement. "It is clear that these entrepreneurs are coming into their businesses with more tangible ideas, innovations or customers to build a successful firm."

????The report cites the medical-device maker Medtronic (MDT) as an example of a company started by user entrepreneurs -- in this case, the heart surgeon C. Walton Lilliehei and his inventor pal Earl Bakken. When a patient died after a power outage in the '50s, they invented the first battery-powered pacemaker. Medtronic today is the world's largest medical-device maker, a Fortune 500 company with a market cap of $40 billion.

????"It is clear that these entrepreneurs are coming into their businesses with more tangible ideas, innovations or customers to build a successful firm," said Reedy, who added that the study represents a "first pass" at analysis.