????巴西國(guó)家石油公司依賴海外石油巨頭和承包商來(lái)完成大部分海上工作。在巴西工作過(guò)的外國(guó)工程師都在抱怨巴西工程師缺乏應(yīng)有的工作能力。去年，巴西國(guó)家石油公司報(bào)告了57起漏油事件，共往海中漏油4,201桶，遠(yuǎn)高于雪佛龍上個(gè)月的漏油量（而且不出意料，巴西國(guó)家石油公司公布的處罰額也小很多——2010年僅為4,300萬(wàn)美元）。同樣還是這家公司，2000年致使當(dāng)時(shí)全球最大的油井平臺(tái)“意外”沉沒，事故發(fā)生時(shí)距離其接管這個(gè)平臺(tái)僅僅幾個(gè)月。這次意外導(dǎo)致了幾十億美元打了水漂，也使巴西深刻意識(shí)到如果想成為石油出口大國(guó)，必須獲得外資公司的幫助。

????但如今，這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難在巴西利亞似乎已被淡忘。巴西國(guó)家石油公司對(duì)參與超深水域石油業(yè)務(wù)依然不積極，石油業(yè)界將此視為是向這個(gè)國(guó)家變相支付開采權(quán)費(fèi)用。但根據(jù)去年通過(guò)的一項(xiàng)新法律，在任何與新探明的超大“鹽層下”近海油田相關(guān)的新石油企業(yè)中，巴西國(guó)家石油公司必須持有至少30%的股份。

????如果巴西希望發(fā)展本國(guó)石油產(chǎn)業(yè)，它就需要外資石油公司的技術(shù)和設(shè)備。巴西強(qiáng)迫外資石油公司將更多的未來(lái)利潤(rùn)給予巴西國(guó)家石油公司，早已引發(fā)眾怒。現(xiàn)在，旨在進(jìn)一步搶奪外資石油公司利潤(rùn)的巨額罰款威脅則可能嚇跑它們。

????Petrobras depends on foreign oil giants and contractors to do the lion's share of its work for them offshore. Foreign engineers that have worked in Brazil complain about the incompetence of their Brazilian counterparts. Last year, Petrobras reported 57 oil leaks that released 4,201 barrels of oil into the ocean, far more than Chevron's infringement last month (and not surprisingly, Petrobras reported significantly smaller fines -- only $43 million in 2010). And this is, after all, the company that in 2000 "accidentally" sank the world's largest oil platform at the time just a few months after taking ownership of it. The billions of dollars that went down the drain in that incident convinced Brazil that it needed foreign help if it ever hoped to become an oil exporting powerhouse.

????But the memories of that oil disaster seem to have faded in Brasilia. Petrobras's participation in the ultra-deep water oil business remains mostly passive and is viewed by the oil industry as another form of royalty payment to the state. But under a new law passed last year, Petrobras must now have a minimum 30% stake in any new oil ventures connected with the newly discovered mega "pre-salt" offshore fields.

????If Brazil hopes to grow its oil industry it will need the technology and equipment of foreign oil companies. It has already irked many of them by forcing them to turn over more of their future profit to Petrobras. But the threat of mega fines eating away at the rest of their profits will make many stay home.