“中國制造”正為美國賺錢
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????又要返校了，你還在為要花70美元購買一雙 “中國制造”，而不是“美國制造”的膠底運動鞋而傷腦筋嗎？根據最新的研究，你大可不必為此擔心。 ????美國人花在中國制造的商品上的錢，有一大半實際上留在了美國——它們流進了美國公司、工人、營銷人員、零售商、和物流商的口袋里。根據舊金山聯邦儲備銀行（Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco）的報告，每1美元的消費中，就有至少55美分留在了美國。所以，就那雙70美元的膠底運動鞋來說，至少有38.50美元收入了美國囊中。 |
????Worried about buying a $70 pair of sneakers that say "Made in China" this back-to-school season because you'd rather spend your dollars on "Made in U.S.A." products instead? Worry not, according to a new study. ????More than half the amount you spend on products made in China actually stays here -- going to American companies, workers, marketers, retailers, and transport providers. The amount is least 55 cents per each $1 spent, says a report from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. So for that $70 pair of sneakers, $38.50 of it boosts bottom lines here in the U.S. |
?（圖例，從上到下）
?- 美國原產的美國貨
?- 從其他國家進口零部件生產的美國貨
?- 從中國進口零部件生產的美國貨
?- 從其他國家進口的成品
?- 從中國進口的成品
?- 其他國家產品中的美國成分
?- 中國制造中的美國成分
數據來源：美國聯邦經濟分析局（Bureau of Economic Analysis）、美國聯邦勞工統計局（Bureau of Labor Statistics）、美國聯邦人口普查局（Census Bureau）及作者的計算數據。
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????盡管你可能從沃爾瑪（Wal-Mart）或其他大賣場的購物經驗中總結出、或聽說，美國對中國的中國貿易逆差的數字有多么聳人聽聞，但中國進口的商品在美國總體經濟中實際只占很小的一部分：2010年，中國進口僅占美國國內生產總值的2.5%。總體來說，去年美國從全球進口的產品在美國GDP中的份額也只有16%。根據舊金山聯邦儲備銀行（FRBSF）報告的作者加琳娜?希爾和巴特?霍比金恩，“大部分美國銷售的商品和服務都是本土制造。”家具、家居用品、電子產品、服裝和鞋不在此列。2010年，三分之一的美國消費者購買的服裝和鞋打有“中國制造”的標簽。而家具中“中國制造”的比例占到了五分之一。 ????不過根據數據，服務業支撐起了美國經濟的主體，而除制造業產品外，中國進口的服務在美國經濟中根本不存在。報告指出，美國消費者購買的產品和服務中，有88.5%源自美國本土。根據希爾和霍比金恩：“主要原因是，占據消費三分之二的服務是由當地提供的。” ????報告的作者同時指出，大量元件，例如iPhone使用的半導體芯片和設計，均源自美國。他們援引了一份2009年亞洲發展銀行研究所（Asian Development Bank Institute）的研究報告，稱在中國生產一臺iPhone的成本約為179美元，而iPhone的售價約為500美元。因此，美國零售成本中有179美元包含在中國進口的成分當中。但實際上，在中國組裝的成本僅為6.50美元。剩余的172.50美元為其他國家制造零部件的成本，其中包括在美國制造零件所花費的10.75美元。 ????舊金山聯邦儲備銀行發布這份新報告的原因是中國通貨膨脹高漲亮起紅燈。根據中國方面最近公布的數據，7月份全國CPI增長率為6.5%，高于6月份的6.4%，創下近三年來的新高。鑒于中國制造在iPhone這類產品中的占比極低，報告的作者總結認為，中國最近勞工成本的增長和通貨膨脹不太可能會在美國國內轉變成為海外通貨膨脹壓力。希爾和霍比金恩稱“這意味著中國的通貨膨脹對美國消費價格產生的直接影響微乎其微。”鑒于美國經濟近來的狀態，美國消費者不如姑且相信這些數據，稍稍放松一下緊繃的神經。 ????譯者：周峰 |
????And despite what you may conclude from shopping at Wal-Mart (WMT) or other large stores -- or hearing big, scary figures about the trade deficit with China -- imports from China make up just a very small portion of our total economy: just 2.5% of gross domestic product in 2010. Overall, products from around the world accounted for only 16% of our GDP last year. "The vast majority of goods and services sold in the United States is produced here," according to FRBSF report authors Galina Hale and Bart Hobijn. The exceptions are furniture and household items, electronic goods, and clothing and shoes. A third of U.S. consumer purchases for clothing and shoes in 2010 carried a "Made in China" label. For furniture, it was one fifth. ????But it's services that make up the overwhelming majority of the U.S. economy, according to the data, and no services at all came from China -- just manufactured products. 88.5% of U.S. consumer spending is for products and services originating here, the report says. "This is largely because services, which make up about two-thirds of spending, are produced locally," according to Hale and Hobjin. ????The authors also point out that a large number of component parts -- like semiconductor chips and designs used in the iPhone -- originate in the U.S. They point to a 2009 Asian Development Bank Institute study reporting that it cost about $179 to produce an iPhone in China. The phone is then sold here for about $500. Thus, $179 of the U.S. retail cost consisted of Chinese imported content. But only $6.50 actually went to cover assembly costs in China. The other $172.50 was for parts produced in other countries, including $10.75 for parts made in the U.S. ????The reason for the new FRBSF report is the red flag raised by China's growing inflation. The latest numbers from Beijing show a 6.5% annual rise across the country in July, up from 6.4% in June and breaking a three-year record. But with such low levels of Chinese content in products like iPhones, the report's authors conclude that recent increases in labor costs and inflation in China are not likely to translate into broad inflationary pressures in the U.S. "This suggests that Chinese inflation will have little direct effect on U.S. consumer prices," Hale and Hobjin say. Given the state of the U.S. economy these days, consumers can take that data and breathe a small sigh of relief.??? |
